Cold War Literature – The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, Waiting for Godot, and Red Alert

The period of Cold War literature dating from the second half of the twentieth century is distinctly seen as a time of enduring relevance; marked with a deep moral questioning of morality and the institution, a heightened sense of paranoia, as well as with a firm shattering of religious persuasion. Significant texts arise from particular ways of thinking to reflect both a societal loss of innocence and social naivety, presenting a widely pessimistic picture of a civilisation awaiting imminent annihilation. A strong reaction to the context of After the Bomb, which created a sense of fragmentation and social alienation, the Cold War texts of The Spy Who Came in From the Cold by John Le Carre, Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, and Peter Georges’ Red Alert all arise from particular ways of thinking evident in the philosophical, religious, economic and technological paradigms of the period and thus they possess an enduring relevance.Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? The questions surrounding both the reasoning and necessity of the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki arguably surround the most significant moral debate of the twentieth century and it is in this context, that George’s Red Alert and The Spy Who Came in From the Cold by Le Carre, explore the philosophical reasonings of morality. The Spy who came in From the Cold raises such concerns as it shatters illusions of the previously perceived ‘noble cause'. This is evidenced as Control briefs Leamus when he rationalises that â€Å"the ethic of our work†¦ we do disagreeable things†¦ we are defensive†. This not only causes the reader to question the â€Å"ethic† of intelligence operations but also to compare the actions of both the East and the West throughout the novel. Additionally the emphasis of the italicised â€Å"defensive† highlights the belief that such operations cause concern, as the manipulation and deception of others by the Circus causes the readers to weigh up the â€Å"ethics†. This is highlighted especially as it becomes apparent that the British are instigating the protection of a former Nazi, another scenario raising concerns of morality. Control then says that â€Å"intelligence work has one moral law – it is justified by results†. Control, as suggested by his title, hold considerable power which The use of â€Å"law† suggests a concrete framework of standards and expectations, which is not only unrealistic within an intelligence setting, but also a complete untruth, Control having just said that they are â€Å"defensive†. Additionally the issue of amorality surfaces within the conversation between Control and Leamus as the reader questions whether the â€Å"results† justify the means. Likewise, when Fielder interrogates Leamus there is a discussion about philosophical and ideological beliefs of British and East German intelligence agents. Fielder believes in that â€Å"the whole is more important than the individual†. This statement, explicit and direct, emphasises options of morality for both. Similarly, perhaps as a justification, it is also said that â€Å"it is expedient that one man should die for the benefit of many†. Apart from a criticising intelligence work, Le Carre also questions both the direction and morality/amorality of humanity itself. Through the use of â€Å"benefit†, the reader is forced to ask if any death is a â€Å"benefit† to society, allowing contextual components to come into play. Similarly, George’s Red Alert as a text is characterised by intensified questioning of humanity and human values. The sustained metaphor likening General Quinten to the mongoose who kills the snake from Rudyard Kipling’s Rikki Tikki Tavi spans most of the novel. The juxtaposition of Rikki Tikki Tavi with General Quinten highlights the debate surrounding â€Å"aggression for self-defence†, which juxtaposes both scenarios in irony. Another philosophical facet of Red Alert is the validity and morality of the institution. This is a particularly potent issue shown through the rare satirical undercurrent of the Pentagon War Room. Satire is used by George throughout the meetings of â€Å"big bomb diplomacy† as leaders from East and West throw around moral questions of whether there is a difference in killing â€Å"thirty millions or sixty millions†. This, in addition to the granting of permission to destroy an un-evacuated Atlantic city so that â€Å"few would have to suffer for the sake of many† highlights contempt for political institutions making decisions for the world, who through the use of alliteration are â€Å"powerless to prevent†. This also relates to Fiedler’s belief in that it is â€Å"expedient that one man should die for the benefit of many†. Thus through the questioning of morality in Cold War society, both Le Carre and George, present texts which both depict highly differing perspectives of their surrounding world and which are, to a large extent shaped by the particular ways of thinking present at the time. Thus both texts possess an enduring relevance through the challenging of ideas such as morality and the presence of seeming amorality. The Cold War era was one of permeating anxiety, vulnerability and fear especially pertaining to the fatal flaws of science, as well as to those attributed to the human condition as conveyed in Peter George’s Red Alert and Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Winston Churchill’s 1946 Sinews of Peace alleged that â€Å"with cooperation†¦in science†¦there will be an overwhelming sense of security†[1]. Red Alert is a text, seemingly devoted to the disproving of this affirmation. The novel invalidates the â€Å"safety† of the machine, particularly through the ironic repetition of the acronym for Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD. Similarly, the religious imagery of explosives â€Å"crossed and recrossed in a lethal pattern† is both symbolic of the danger and fatality of nuclear technology, and foreboding of the â€Å"self-immolation [of] their destined end† – a reference to the perceived martyrdom of the appropriately named Alabama Angel bombers. In 1961, John F Kennedy stated â€Å"the world is living under a nuclear sword of Damocles which can be cut by accident, miscalculation, or madness. †[2] It seems the fatal flaw of technology, as conveyed in Red Alert, is human nature. This is particularly evident as â€Å"no system yet devised is proof against any and all human failings†¦the human element has failed us† which again plays on the threat of technology as well as alludes to the existing atmosphere of paranoia prevalent throughout both the novel, and the Cold War period. Similarly, in Waiting for Godot â€Å"Beckett is concerned with†¦demythification, with exposing myths such as†¦science†[3]. Through absurdism, Beckett conveys the â€Å"dark summation† of the human condition with compassion and humour. The seeming nothingness of the existence and experience of all characters in the play can be distressing for the audience, who are presented with a disillusioned, harsh depiction of their world. This is somewhat symbolic of the realities of the human condition in relation to despair, fear and loneliness in an alien and hostile universe. Additionally, the relentless cycle experienced as Vladimir says â€Å"we’ll be back tomorrow†¦ then the day after†¦and so on† creates both pity but also fear for the audience especiallyu as Estragon asks â€Å"why don’t you help me? , thus appealing to Vladimir but also the audience who are both powerless to offer help and protection. It is thus evidenced in both Waiting for Godot and Red Alert, that the fear and paranoia depicted in both texts is to a large extent a reflection of the ways of thinking of the time. The impact of the political context of the Cold War in clearly evident in Le Carre’s The Spy Who Cam e in from the Cold, however, in Samuel Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, although still existent, the political influence and ways of thinking is somewhat more subtle. The Cold War era is often characterised by deceit, manipulation and betrayal, thus challenging values of honour and loyalty as society learnt of defections and double agents. The idea of manipulation, perhaps an illusion to political manipulation, is conveyed strongly in The Spy who came in from the Cold particularly through the use of repeating images of children, which appear throughout the text as symbols of innocence, easily swayed by others. The manipulation of Liz in the courtroom â€Å"like a blind child† conveys the potential control over interpretation through the suppression of context. The simile not only likens Liz to the ideas of innocence and naivety but also raises the question of whether there can be truth without context. Similarly, the novel sustains repetition of an image haunting Leamus; that of a â€Å"small car smashed between great lorries and the children waving cheerfully through the window†. The obvious conclusion drawn by readers is of the lorries as a metaphor for the ideological conflict between East and West, communism and democracy. The small car on the other hand has numerous connotations potentially being Leamus, society in general as a helpless unit, or even the opposing nations caught in between the ideological forces. The â€Å"children waving cheerfully† presents an image of innocence, and lack of awareness, a stark contrast to the looming lorries. Thus, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold reflects, to a very large extent the political atmosphere of the Cold War, and thus possesses enduring relevance as a depiction of reality for many throughout the era. Thus, the particular ways of thinking present throughout the Cold War period largely influenced the composition of The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, Waiting for Godot, and Red Alert. The permeating philosophical, scientific, political and religious paradigms give all three texts an enduring relevance in the modern, twenty-first century context.

Gammasonics Institute for Medical Research Pty Ltd

Gammasonic v Comrad[1] demonstrates the reluctance of the courts to interpret the Sale of Goods Act to include software downloads as a â€Å"good†, preferring to leave the matter up to statutory review. It primarily discusses whether a software package delivered by online download is effectively classed as â€Å"goods† for application of Sale of Goods Act[2] and outlines the progressive court decisions that have considered the question and have begun to recognize software attached to a medium, like a cd package as a â€Å"goods†. It also briefly addresses the applicability of statutory warranties of fitness for purpose and merchantable quality and supports that fitness for purpose and merchantable quality are implied by common law giving reference the test for implication in fact outlined in BP Refinery (Westernport) v Shire of Hastings (1977)[3] Background and overview The disputing parties are Gammasonics, a provider of services to radiologists in NSW, and Comrad, a business that provide software and information management systems to radiologists in Australia and New Zealand. The dispute concerns a contract between the parties for the delivery and installation of a software package via remote internet download called â€Å"Comrad RIS†; which was to manage workflow, patient registration and appointments, online referrals and processing of Medicare claims for Gammasonics. The software was downloaded onto Gammasonics’ server and Gammasonic were purportedly responsible for hardware configuration and the network infrastructure specified to run the software. Comrad delivered the software via internet download and certain areas of the software did not function as required. Gammasonics claimed to terminate the contract for breach of terms including â€Å"failure to deliver a functioning software package, failure to provide goods of a merchantable quality and/or for the delivery of a software package which was not fit for its intended purpose.† [4] Comrad in turn sought an award for damages due to the repudiation of the contract by Gammasonic. Trial Proceedings This case is an appeal from Local Court against orders made by Magistrate Quinn in favour of Comrad for the amount of $58,011.21. There Magistrate Quinn was not convinced the software supplied by Comrad was a â€Å"good† as defined in s5 of the Sale of Goods Act 1923[5] and â€Å"held the act did not apply†[6]. She also found Comrad failed in the delivery of certain components required for the software functioning; however it was stated that it was â€Å"Gammasonics' own acts or omissions and not any conduct for which it had contractual responsibility that rendered the system unworkable, such that Gammasonics’ purported termination was a repudiation of the contract thereby entitling Comrad to sue for damages.†[7] Material Issues The following are the key issues that arise from the judgement and contain the essential elements of the case which will be discussed in this case note. 1. Whether a software package delivered by online download is effectively classed as â€Å"goods† for application of Sale of Goods Act.[8] 2. Whether equivalent terms of fitness for purpose and merchantable quality are implied by common law. 3. Breach of essential terms The matter of whether a breach of contract is a question of mixed fact and law is also addressed in this case but it will not be extensively discussed within this case note. Whether a question of mixed fact and law arises was dealt with early in the case and Fullerton J was satisfied that the question of whether her Honour erred in holding that Comrad was not in breach of the contract, involved a question of mixed fact and law and as such leave to appeal ought be granted. Comrad also filed a notice for contention on two points one concerning the implication of terms into the contract equivalent to the statutory warranties of merchantable quality and fitness for purpose, the other on the question of breach. The Sale of Goods Act 1923 The definition of goods provided in the Sale of goods Act 1923 (NSW) s5(1) is Goods include all chattels personal other than things in action and money. The term includes emblements and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale. It was submitted by Gammasonics that the software provided by Comrad was within the statutory definition of â€Å"goods† and they relied among other things on the implied condition as to quality or fitness in the act outlined in s19.[9] On appeal a request was made to consider whether there was a â€Å"Fresh Analysis of Authorities†[10] with a more modern approach to interpretation of the Act. Whether a software package delivered by online download is effectively classed as â€Å"goods† for application of Sale of Goods Act.[11] The case gives a thorough analysis and contains a comprehensive list of authorities that include case law and secondary sources which have reviewed this question. The key area of difference noted was that the software was delivered by download onto a server. This distinguished the case from that of others including Toby Constructions Products Pty Ltd v Computa Bar (Sales) Pty Ltd[12] where the software was held to be a ‘good’ because it comprised both software and hardware. Gammasonics relied on a passage from Advent Systems Ltd v Unisys Corp [13] as authority where an analogy was drawn to musical compositions and music on cds suggesting that once the software had been downloaded to the server it became a tangible thing. However the common thread is that software provided on a disc falls within the statutory definition of a ‘good’ while remote download via a license it appears currently does not. The case Fullerton J considered most analogous to the facts was St Albans City. [14] In this case the question of whether the transfer of the software, without the sale of the disk would give rise to a sale of â€Å"goods† under the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (UK) was considered by Sir Glidewell. There the disk was likened to an instruction manual however again the distinction is made between the delivery of the software via disk format and remote download a distinction that was also noted by Sir Glidewell. An Australian case that revisted the question was Re Amlink Technologies Pty Ltd and Australian Trade Commission[15] this case did not follow the reasoning offered in St Albans City[16] by Sir Glidewell and considered the proposition taken to the extreme would see goods being defined in areas that where never meant to be covered by the act. Secondary sources were further considered as Gammasonics highlighted what they supported to be a ‘growing trend’ in Australia to recognize software as a ‘good’[17] The recent Trade Practices Law Journal article by Svantesson discussed the stages of development citing Toby Constructions[18]as the first step taken in recognition of software sold together with hardware as a good. The article also highlighted the decision in Amlink Technologies[19] to recognize software attached to some physical medium and suggested the next logical step for the courts was to further recognize software not attached to a physical medium. A passage from a conference paper was also considered[20]where the distinction is made that where a customer purchases a digitized version of an encyclopedia it is a good however where it purchases access to the encyclopedia database it is a supply of a service. The facts of this case are most like that of the first scenario and the plaintiff submitted that the authorities support the conclusion that the software provided by Comrad is a ‘good’ under the act[21] It fell however to the principals of statutory interpretation in particular the everyday meaning of goods and possession. Comrad submitted that the ordinary meaning and any interpretative words referred to things that are tangible; therefore, â€Å"because lines of computer code are intangible the position contended for by Gammasonics was inconsistent†.[22] Fullerton noted that it was preferable to give protection to consumers purchasing software by digital download and noted that research suggests that this is an increasing form of delivery means but stressed the need for legislative reform[23] in the area not judicial intervention and found that the Sale of Goods Act did not apply. Whether equivalent terms of fitness for purpose and merchantable quality are implied by common law. The case also outlines that common law terms as to fitness for purpose and merchantable quality can be implied. This is in accordance with test for implication in fact [24] from BP Refinery (Westernport) v Shire of Hastings which is: 1) it must be reasonable and equitable; (2) it must be necessary to give business efficacy to the contract, so that no term will be implied if the contract is effective without it; (3) it must be so obvious that â€Å"it goes without saying†; (4) it must be capable of clear expression; (5) it must not contradict any express term of the contract†. Although the test was ultimately not considered. Breach of Essential Terms With regard to the breach of essential terms two main areas were readdressed. The interfacing with Medicare and network incompatibility. In both cases the documentary evidence was reviewed. While the plaintiff submitted that the findings of the Local Court were in error and that Comrad was responsible for both resolving the problems of interfacing with Medicare and for creating the interfacing problems. Comrad failed to provide sufficient evidence to support these claims and Fullerton J was not satisfied that Quinn J was in error therefore the appeal was dismissed. Effect on Current Law This case has been referred to in a recent journal article discussing when ‘software is a good’.[25] It has also been referenced in the recent edition of Australian Commercial Law[26] as the authority for the principal that software delivered online does not constitute a good, within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act[27]. The case highlighted the need for legislative review in regard to the status of computer software and with the introduction of new legistlation The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) it has finally been decided that for the purposes of the ACL software is now specifically included within the definition of goods [28] affording consumers protection under s54 Guarantee as to acceptable quality[29] and s55 Guarantee as to fitness for any disclosed purpose.[30] It also shows the courts reluctance for judicial intervention on matters that may have wider applications in the interpretation of legislation and illustrates the progressive nature of the courts to effect change.

On Merck Corporation and Social Responsibility Essay

On Merck Corporation and Social Responsibility - Essay Example People today can notice that global responsibility is becoming more and more promoted. Everywhere, we see forms of encouragement on sensitivity to issues like environmental and ethical issues. In the past two decades, the business world has also adapted this movement in the form of the corporate social responsibility awareness. As Solomon (2004) says people can no longer accept the unethical idea that "business is business". This belief Solomon adds, was no longer excusable and just a pretext to be "socially irresponsible and personally insensitive". With this concept, businesses are to function in a responsible manner and by that make an effort in putting the business's stakeholders in consideration when company goals are dealt with. One such company is the Merck Corporation. In a time where businesses normally went for profit, Merck Corporation changed its direction to make a difference.It was in the late 1970's when researchers of Merck Corporation first had an indication that Ive nnectin (antiparasitic compound for animals) might have the ability to cure the disease called river blindness. River blindness was a disease that was predominant in third world countries like Africa and in some parts of Latin America and the Middle East. Clearly, the profit of such medicine for river blindness was already questionable. Dr. Vagelos, who was then Merck executive head for the research laboratories, was faced with the decision of approving further research that would cost a lot of money. Nevertheless, further research was done because of its potential to cure and not on its potential to profit. A considerable amount of money was already spent in developing the animal medicine ivermectin and developing another one fit for human consumption was premeditated to cost less than developing a new medicine. And so, Merck Corporation was able to produce a cure and named it Mectizan. When government agencies of the third world countries were unable to purchase the medicine for their people, Merck Corporation headed by Dr. Vagelos, who was then CEO of Merck Company, agreed to give Mectizan to countries that badly needed it for free. Through the years, it has become to be known as the MECTIZAN Donation Program, a fusion of partnerships between private and public agencies to aid developing countries in their fight against river blindness. We see a commendable company that takes risks for the betterment of those who they know badly need it. As one of the top pharmaceuticals company in the world, Merck Corporation is expected to profit from the drugs produced in their laboratories and not to give them away for free. On a HolmesReport (2002) article, Dr. Vargelos was quoted in saying that "many companies do not realize the benefits in better employee morale and favorable press coverage that comes from doing good deeds." It is a boost in the morale for people who work under a business that gives help for many people. Like Merck Company, who have always invested a lot of money in research, this move has no doubt fueled the minds of their researchers who are given freedom to explore possible cures to diseases that are known to have no cure. Especially since, those diseases that have no cures are dominant in poor countries. Every time the company is given an award or praise, the pride and prestige also goes down to the company employees especially the researchers who developed the much needed medicine. For any worker, the drive to succeed and work properly is much more invigorated with the knowledge that you are working in a way to help others. A good image also aids in the problems of human resources because applicants are more than willing to apply for an admirable company in comparison to typical companies. A lot of younger generations today say that they would prefer to work because it is worthwhil e and not just for the compensation. Many applicants mean a wider choice of candidates where the suited employee will be chosen from. Not only does good morale and good image

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Discussion - Essay Example According to the professor, these variables might exist, but they play no appreciable roles on how our action gets appraised (Weiss 6). Professor Harlon also believes that a deep appeal of the myth (Horatio Alger) is that it will allow and to some extent even pull people to the direction they are likely going (Weiss 7). Psychologically this myth opens many opportunities. He also assets that this myth serves in the maintenance of the racial pecking order where this is achieved by mentally bypassing the race role in the American society (Weiss 8). â€Å"It takes hard work, pluck and persistence so as to be successful in America† (Weiss 9) Gregory Mantsios believes that poverty level is too high for the Horatio Alger myth to be anything of importance other than a fairy tale (Weiss 9). He provides many statistics to support his statement including a fact that 14 % total of the American population lives below a poverty line set by the government (Weiss 10). According to Mantsios those in favor of the myth continuation would tell the poor people that if they worked hard they would earn the success one day. â€Å"This is quite a frankly asinine type of logic† (Weiss 10). People below the poverty line works hard so as to achieve the success; they even perform two or three jobs so as to provide for their families and themselves (Weiss 11). According to Mantsios these people work so hard instead of attaining the American dream, they are even told to work harder, whereas they are viewing nepotism promote lazier and less qualified employees into the position they work so hard to attain (Weiss 12). Mantsios goes ahead and points out of the saddest realities. â€Å"20 % consisting of the wealthiest in the American population are the ones holding up to an 85% share of the state’s total household wealth† (Weiss 12). According to Mantsios, there is simply no prove to indicate the myth effectiveness and that working hard

The Vision Renewal Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Vision Renewal Process - Essay Example I worries about my future and career opportunities in this company. Taking into account human differences, I understand that the males use paternalism to keep the only woman in "her place". I suppose that negative stereotypes of women cause the men to question female workers' commitment to work. And men are more likely than women to be perceived as "serious" about their careers (Thiederman 49). The alleged benefits of bias are that it provides me with an excuse of poor sales and inability to become a part of the group. It relieves feelings of guilt and pain caused by (probably) lack of experience in this sphere. Women can be less competent than men in the workplace. When women point out this dilemma, a typical male reaction is that women want it both ways, to be seen as different from men yet to be treated the same as men (Thiederman 64, 70). I am a good manager who possesses professional knowledge and skills in this sphere. In contrast to the male employees, I have good working experience and have proved that I can sustain good sales and communicate with a team. In general, bias does not compromise my success of sales efforts but lack of communication and interaction with employees (the team) limits my opportunities and access to non-official information. The bias does not put organization at risk of litigation (Thiederman 79, 81). Step 4. Dissect Your Biases I suppose that the problems and misunderstanding between male employees and me are caused by sexism and stereotypes. Usually, the male employees assign life roles according to gender. This system fosters sex-related roles that usually relegate men to positions of authority. Although sometimes used only in reference to prejudice against females, sexism means any stereotyping resulting in arbitrary discrimination against females. In a time, I realized that my belief grew out of only sexiest jokes towards other women (not working with the company) and launch time spent together. I understood that these men had worked together for a long time and most of them were friends (Thiederman 88). Step 5. Identify Common Kingship groups When I thought about kingship groups, I was surprised when found that many employees liked theater and dance. Three of them were armature dancers and theater goers. Also, I found that three of other men had poor sales also caused by market instability and lack of information about customer groups. Also, we had similar view on ethical and corporate goals, weaknesses and opportunities proposed by the current market situation (Thiederman 110, 112). Step 6. Shove your Biases Aside After communication with these men, I knew that they believed that women bring a different viewpoint to work, a special way of leading, a different slant on how products and markets should be developed. They also recognized that women are in the workplace to stay, that they want careers similar to the men. Many men realize that utilizing women more fully is related to their survival. Rather, they are concerned about being able to compete economically. This shift to thinking about the utilization of women

Data Privacy and Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Privacy and Security - Research Paper Example However, at the present computer security has become a very critical issue. Additionally, security refers to the technique to discover as well as stop illicit utilization of our secret information or computer. In this scenario, some preventive measures enable us to stop criminal users (as well known as "intruders") from accessing and using some part of our computer system. In addition, recognition of such intrusion helps us in deciding whether or not somebody tried to interrupt into our computer system, if they were successful in their attempt, as well as what they could have acquired from the system (ComputerSecurityService, 2011), (Armor2net Software Ltd., 2004) and (Norton, 2001). Moreover, the term â€Å"computer security† is very commonly used, though; the information and data saved on a computer are in danger to few risks unless the computer is connected to other systems using a network. In view of the fact that the use of computer networks, particularly the Internet (la rgest network of the networks), has turned out to be persistent, the thought of computer security system has extended to point out problems covered in the way of networked use of computers and their information and data resources (Kinkus, 2002). This outlines the important points and vital aspects of computers security. This paper will cover the answers to various questions such as how can viruses contaminate computers, how computer systems are hacked by people, how to keep computers secure from online predators. Why Protection? In case of computer systems and information technology, integrity, privacy, and legality are considered as the most frightening factors for a computer user. For the daily internet users, the security and privacy of computer are considered as the most vital area of computer security. However, when the users registering themselves with any internet service or a website they can suffer from having nothing to keep secret, security on the internet is concerning s aving someone's data and information, yet if the information does not appear crucial. Because of this the simplicity by which information in electronic arrangement is capable to be utilized between enterprises as well as since small pieces of related information from different sources could simply be linked jointly to shape a composite of, for instance, any personal information searching behavior it is at the current tremendously significant that individuals are accomplished to sustain influence over what information is gathered concerning them, how it is engaged who is authorized to utilize it, and for which reason it is used (Kinkus, 2002) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005) . Computer Virus Computer virus or simply bug is a type of software application or program that is developed to copy itself as well as extend to further machines. In most scenarios, the application is "malicious†, which outlines it is designed to cause the computer malfunction in different ways. Howev er, in many cases, the term "computer virus" encompasses all the types of "malware," or malicious software. In place of sniffles and a fever, a number of widespread signs of a computer viral infection include data and information loss, sluggish performance and the sometime system stops working that makes the people with the machine feel ill.  

Federal Income Tax Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Income Tax - Research Paper Example The total expenditure by Mr. Zimblist could be overviewed by his expenses like extending the garage area for vintage auto collection, donating a large amount to a university and collecting a professional certification by his wife. $45,000 has been invested for the garage area inorder to display the vintage auto collection which is debatable because 60% of it was paid by the company. Mr. Zimblist has donated an income of about $ 25000 to the university is on his behalf. Finally Mrs. Zimblist certification in advanced motivational psychology offered by the organization was worth $ 12,300, this includes the cost of the overall courses, bo foroks and marks. Efran lives in a house that is provided by the company. It is not only in his personal use bu,t also the requirement of the company to set it as an office house inorder to comfort, entertain and leave a good impression on the clients. House maintenance and others are also taken care by the company. His garage serves the same business purpose.  §162(a) states that the taxpayer is allowed to deduct the ordinary and necessary expenses paid in carrying a trade or business. In contrast  §262 provides no deduction to be made for personal expenses. However,  §162(a) (2) and  §280A apply of many restrictions on the expenses made on personal resident being used as office.  § 280A(c)(1)(B) allows deduction for a home office if it is in use for patient, clients or customers and they make meeting and dealings. The Green v. Commissioner, 705 F. 2d 404 (9th Cir. 1983) also claims how important it is to understand the use of the resident as personal or office.  

Communication Career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication Career - Research Paper Example Communication career requires a bachelor’s degree in Arts and other related fields. Bachelors’ degree is the relevant entry requirement for this career because the work involves design and analysis of the social aspects. The analytical work conducted by the communication professional dictates the above requirement. It is notable that design projects require adequate information, which is best covered at the bachelor’s level. In addition, the communication industry contemporary progresses in social economic aspects to develop strategies that would promote social development. Most modern trends observable today tend to demand educational qualification alongside the experience that a person has. My aspiration in the field largely depends on my ability to achieve the essential education requirement. The subject combination necessary for the bachelor degree in communication is as follows: A-level which majors in linguistics, history, and social studies. The typical starting salary for communication workers is $ 13.56 per hour. This salary is considered high owing to the fact that the employee is a fresh graduate without work experience. The demand for experience is a common trend in the labor market. However, the preferences are given to this career and the communication training at the bachelors’ level enables new recruits to serve while preparing for higher cadre. Records on the communication industry indicate that occupation practices such as job training do apply in the industry. In addition, demand for experience before assuming the job is not a major factor considered at the entry level.

Sociological Perspective and Sociological Imagination Essay

Sociological Perspective and Sociological Imagination - Essay Example The ideology of self and self concept has been differing from historical eras, cultural backgrounds and socioeconomic classes. There are three other concepts underlying the idea of self concept. They are the self esteem, self efficacy and self monitoring. Personality is a compilation of emotional and behavioral patterns exclusive to a person that is steady over time. One more aspect to be understood in lieu of the cognition for self is spirituality. Spirituality can be described in various ways but the most common definitions are that spirituality endows with logic of meaning and purpose in life and includes a belief that the soul starts of in another realm or it is reincarnated after a person's death. These beliefs include supernatural beings or powers, such as a God or a hierarchy of gods, angels and demons, this is for different religions. Thus we can say that the supernatural world at times comes closer and at times gets farther away to the real world scenarios as per beliefs of different persons. As of a spiritual standpoint, the main purpose of human life is to grow spiritually.

International management 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International management 2 - Term Paper Example TUI is the largest integrated tourism group in Europe, lagging far behind its competitors with a turnover of about â‚ ¬ 21,866 million and 70,200 employees in 2008. One of the unmatchable entrepreneurial landmarks of TUI is its continuous structural progress and upgrading services offered to worldwide customers. Contrary to its rivalry, TUI is very successful in both the tourism and shipping divisions because of its advanced attractive products and services as well as the expansion of new and strong brands. However, the performance of TUI has been affected badly due to ongoing war against terrorism, natural calamities, global recession and lack of customer confidence. Prior to 9/11, TUI had more dynamic growth from 1995 to 2001. Post 9/11 effects, really restricted the TUI’s expansion strategy especially in various countries of Asia. Since China is an emerging market, therefore TUI had planned a broad strategy but war in Afghanistan and its further effects in Pakistan, kept TUI to hold up its TUI China brand till 2006. In such political and military situations, ABC Tourism Company decided to launch its new branch in Greece instead of Asia. Before deciding about the Greece, ABC planned the following strategy. Greece is one of the leading tourism countries in Europe due to its quality of life, mild climate, low crime, comparatively low cost of living, competitive construction rates, and recreation facilities. TUI is the largest and No.1 Tourism Company in Europe and looking for to enhance its business horizon up to Greece which has been remained an attractive place for tourists throughout the history. Almost 16 million tourists visit this country each year. And it has a contribution of about 15% to the national GDP. Greece tourism industry is so stable and confident in its economic strength and potential that has spent huge money on its tourist attraction highlights like large scale

Why Psychologist use the scientific method Essay Example for Free

Why Psychologist use the scientific method Essay The scientific method makes use of a wide range of approaches and is a perspective that is seen better as an overall rather than use of single specific method. The already adopted scientific method initially was founded on the positivism concept. This included the search for descriptive general laws, which natural phenomena could be predicted with. Scientists were able to control the phenomena occurrences once there was possibility of the predictions. Subsequently, the underlying theories and explanations were developed by the scientists. Despite the change that has occurred on the positivist approach, the redefinition of the philosophical science is underway. The basement premises on which it was founded still continue to be on the current research mainstream. One of the major scientific approach requisite is the falsifiability. A theory is termed as been scientific if in its contents are predictions, which can either be falsely or truly demonstrated. Critically, scientific method has been argued to depend on empiricism, that is, data and observation collection (Mayer, 1985, pp. 42) Hypothetical inductive method is commonly involved in the main scientific method. In this, a scientist will begin with a based hypothesis on theory or insight and observation. A hypothesis is said to be statement of tentative belief that is based on judgment of expert researcher. The hypothesis should be subjected to falsification. This is to mean that the scientific researcher must be set up in a way such that the he/she has the ability to make logical conclusion that the hypothesis is either true or false. In many cases, projects of research may give the scientist a room to reject or accept the hypothesis and this will take one for more questions on research (Barker, 2000, pp. 82). Psychologist on their case have developed the interest and employed scientific method in all their researches. They have actually made the use of various scientific steps or approaches. The steps that psychologist use in their research are: identification of the problem and the hypothesis formulation, designing of the experiment under the help of the independent and dependent variables, experimental performance by use of the control group and the experimental group, hypothesis evaluation, that is, replication of data and hypothesis correction, and lastly is the communication of the results. If a researcher effectively follows the above steps, his or her experimental results will be reliable and valid. Some details in relation to the above stated steps are discussed below. In the process of identifying the problem, the psychologist must be having a good idea of the identified problem. He must also be in a position to make intelligent guesses concerning the problem, that is, come up with hypothesis. The problem at hand should imply a theory under which it can be based on the manner that the resulting solution to the problem can rhyme with the existing theories (Nagel Mill, 1996, pp. 2). Some of the scientific methods employed by psychologists include the following. Firstly, are the controlled experiments in performance of the experiments. In this method, it allows the researcher to establish the relationship between the cause and the effects. The experimenter in this method must manipulate one of the variables as the other variable is measured. The variable that is manipulated in this method is known as the independent variable, while the variable being measured is the dependent variable. The extraneous variable helps in manipulation by minimizing it as opposed to other kind of factors. For the true experiment, there is usually the experimental group and the control group. The experimental groups get the treatment that is designed for the study while the control group to the experimental group is identically treated with exceptional treatment of the experiment. By random assignment subjects are therefore assigned to each experimental group. The second method is the correlation method. This one exposes the relations that are predictable among given variables which are not within the experimenter’s control. The direction and the strength of the two variable relationship is referred to as correlation coefficients. In this method, it is important to note the correlation does not imply causation. Thirdly are the case studies. This method looks deeply on to a single individual study. Fourthly is the archival approach. They usually make the use records of novel, existing information and documents. Additionally, it may involve the use naturalistic observation. Under this method near natural or natural conditions are used to explore the population (Mayer, 1985, pp. 47). Elsewhere, the experimental process may involve the case histories method. This method describes the unusual conditions or person under study. The last method is the use of questionnaires and surveys about attitudes and opinions. Under survey, the attitude and opinions are based on response of the person on predetermined specific questions. Adequate and carefully determined sample on which the questions are based must be used (Peterson Tremblay, 1999, pp. 23). Due to the fact that scientific method works with the research approach rather than the research content, disciplines are not termed as scientific due to their content but because of their observation and data dependency, ideas of their falsifiability and the testing of the hypothesis. Therefore, scientific research legally involves the study of the intelligence, attitudes and other human behaviors which are complex. Despite the fact that the tools psychologists uses to measure the behavior of human may not give similar degree of precision like the one given by other sciences, it may not be precise to establish the scientific discipline status but rather the mechanism by which ideas will be tested and generated (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 206). When a researcher repeats the work that was done by another researcher, this may lead the research to be replicated, that is, the researchers must get the same results of a similar research done by the other researchers. This is a quality of scientific research that must exist. In reporting on their findings of the research, psychologist tries to give explanations and descriptions concerning how their discoveries have been made. On a similar note, other psychological researchers who carry out the same study must replicate on the previous results got by the other psychological researcher. After a research is done and replication is observed, psychologists will come up with a theory and translate it into hypothesis that is precise (Peterson Tremblay, 1999, pp. 9). When conducting a research, psychologists usually use operational definitions to assists in definition of concepts which are of interest. The term sampling is often used to describe the process of coming up with few number of the subjects of study out of the big population. The sampling procedures are used because it is not possible or practicable in the whole population to study all the subjects. There are different kinds of the samples that psychologists might use in relation to the kind of the study they are carrying out. These include: representative sample, convenience sample, random sample, and cross culture sample. The cross culture sample is used to have the external validity improved. One major drawback in the use of sampling method by the psychologist is that it tends to be biased at times. The psychologist researcher may lead to what we call experimenter bias when making the use of sampling procedures. The experimenter bias will result in the case where the researcher distorts the results or the procedures of experiment in study in which relation to the outcomes are known. Blinding procedures conceals the experimental hypothesis when used from the subject and this in most cases is referred to as single blind, while from the experiment and the subject are referred to as double blind (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 187). In their data analysis, psychologist normally uses the following measures to analyze their data. Firstly, the descriptive statistics are the mathematical summaries of the research results. Under descriptive statistics, measures of the central tendencies for a normal distribution are employed. These measures include the mean, median and the mode. Secondly are the measures of variation. This one determines the variation of the scores around the measures of the central tendencies. The measures of variations include the standard deviation and the range. Thirdly is the inferential statistics. This comes up with a statement about a set of given scores (Porterfield, 1999, pp. 82). The use of scientific method by the psychologists has been of great help to the world of business today. The application of research methodology to the world of commerce, business and organisations functions, organisational and industrial psychology looks on various degrees of the customers, workforce, and consumer. This will involve issues such as psychology of training, recruitment, job satisfaction, appraisal, stress management at work. All these factors assist in improving the performance and productivity of the business or the organisation. Psychological skills are employed to select the best qualified candidate during the interview process. This is of great help to the business since the selected candidate will effectively and efficiently deliver the organisational goals and objectives since he or she has the necessary and the required ability. For the new recruited staffs, they must undergo some training in relation to the expected duties and responsibility they have to accomplish in the organisation. They must be prepared psychologically how they should approach some of the duties and responsibilities at workplace and also how they can use such skills to meet the customers’ satisfaction. Psychological skills are also of benefit to any organisation in its application to manage stress that may have affected one of the staff members. In any organisation, stress is an expected situation and if not well handled may mess up the business activities, leading to poor performance. For this reason, organisations have gone ahead and employed psychologists who can effectively handle the matter. Psychologists have also worked on interaction with machines, product designs, software, sales, marketing, and advertisements so as to help in safety, functionality and appeal of the organisation. During the training of the staffs of an organization especially in the department of the sales and the marketing, this really require good impacting of the psychological skills to the staff in this department. For one to convince consumers to consume products of a given organisation, high level of psychological skills is required. It is in the same department or field where to understand the consumer needs psychological skills which have resulted to the employment of scientific method of research in collecting adequate data about the market and functional parameters of the organisation. By the use of such skills, one will be able to know which product needs to be improved or which has lost it market value. Doing all these help to expand and maintain the market share of the organisation (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 204).

Knowledge and Heritage Essay Example for Free

Knowledge and Heritage Essay Abstract Alice Walker’s Everyday Use and Amy Tan’s â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† investigate the relationships between mothers and daughters. Both writers show a struggle, by the children, to understand the true meaning of heritage. Each story has a specific type of mother-daughter relationship. Mother and Daughter Conflict: The Struggle to Understand Heritage in First-generation Americans A key factor in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use,† and Amy Tan’s â€Å"A Pair of Tickets,† is heritage. Throughout both stories the use of heritage can be seen easily. Walker shows Dee misunderstands her heritage while Tan shows Jing-Mei comes to an understanding. Understanding both sides of the two stories gives readers a chance to explore their own heritage and reflect on how they accept their past. By contrasting the family characters in â€Å"Everyday Use,† Walker illustrates Dee’s misunderstanding of her heritage by placing the significance of heritage solely on material objects. Walker presents Mama and Maggie, the younger daughter, as an example that heritage in both knowledge and form passing from one generation to another through a learning experience connection. Dee, the older daughter, represents a misconception of heritage as a material thing. Dee portrays a rags to riches daughter who does not understand what heritage is all about. Her definition of heritage hangs on a wall to show off, not to be used. Dee’s avoidance of heritage becomes clear when she is talking to Mama about changing her name, she says, â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer being named after the people who oppress me† (Walker 746). Dee just takes another name without even understanding the true meaning behind it. She tries to explain to Mama that her name now has meaning, quality, and heritage; never realizing that the new name means nothing. Dee fails to realize that her name goes back multiple generations. Dee digs around the house for objects she can display in her own home as examples of African-American folk art. Her argument with Mama about taking quilts that were hand stitched as opposed to sewn by machine gives readers a chance to see Dee’s outlook of heritage is short lived. Dee says to Mama, â€Å"But they’re priceless. . . Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they’d be in rags. Less than that! † (Walker 748). Mama will not allow her daughter to take the quilts because she has been saving them for Dee’s sister, Maggie, and she wants the quilts to be put into everyday use. By helping and living with Mama, Maggie uses the hand-made items in her life, experiences the life of her ancestors, and learns the history of both, exemplified by Maggie’s knowledge of the hand-made items and the people who made them—a knowledge in which Dee does not possess. Dee attempts to connect with her heritage by taking â€Å"picture after picture of me sitting there in front of the house. . . She never takes a shot without making sure the house is included† (Walker 746). Therefore showing Dee’s quest for heritage is external, wishing to have these various items in order to display them in her home. She allowed Dee to run over her enough, and now she would not allow her foolish behavior to carry on, because heritage needs to be put to everyday use and not just be hung up on a wall for people to see. Dee views her heritage as an artifact which she can possess and appreciate from a distance instead of as a process in which she is always intimately involved. She knows the items are hand-made, but she does not know the knowledge and history behind the items. Yet, Mama does know the knowledge and history and she also knows that Maggie does too. Ironically, Dee criticizes Mama for not understanding heritage when, in fact, Dee fails to understand heritage herself. Throughout the story, the true meaning of heritage is understood by two characters and avoided by one character. Dee mistakenly places heritage wholly in what she owns, not what she knows. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† the theme of Chinese-American life, focuses mainly on mother-daughter relationships, where the mother is an immigrant from China and the daughter is thoroughly Americanized. Tan begins her story by describing a feeling that Jing-mei, the narrator, speaks of. She says, â€Å"The minute our train leaves the Hong Kong border and enters Shenzen, China, I feel different. I can feel the skin on my forehead tingling, my blood rushing through a new course, my bones aching with a familiar old pain. And I think, my mother was right. I am becoming Chinese† (Tan 120). Tan tells a story within itself giving readers a chance to get to know the character right off the bat and also allowing an understanding of heritage to be brought out. Jing-mei has come to China to trace her Chinese roots which her mother told her she possessed, and to meet her two twin half-sisters whom her mother had to abandon on her attempt to flee from the Japanese. Readers can see that Jing-mei has waited her whole life to connect with her heritage when she says, â€Å". . . I saw myself transforming like a werewolf, a mutant tag of DNA suddenly triggered, replicating into a syndrome, a cluster of telltale Chinese behaviors, all those things my mother did to embarrass me. . . . But today I realize I’ve never really known what it means to be Chinese. I am thirty-six years old. My mother is dead and I am on a train, carrying with me her dreams of coming home. I am going to China† (Tan 120). Although Jing-mei was not born in China like her mother, she now has a grasp on her life and on her mothers. By having the story take place on a train in China, helps the tracing of heritage become real for readers. Strong feelings of happiness and sorrow are felt when Jing-mei traces her Chinese roots and becomes in touch with her heritage and her past; allowing readers to place themselves in the same situation and experience the feelings are being portrayed by the characters. Learning about family heritage is something people do not always understand, like Jing-mei, people do not always want to believe their past and heritage. When coming to an understanding of their past, people can lay to rest their urging thoughts and can come closer in contact with their present life. Now that Jing-mei has met her sisters, she can now make peace in her life knowing that she has fulfilled her dreams and the dreams of her mother. Amy Tan reveals Jing-mei’s epiphany well by writing, â€Å"I look at their faces again and I see no trace of my mother in them. Yet they still look familiar. And now I also see what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood. After all these years, it can finally be let go† (Tan 134). Jing-mei finally realizes that she is Chinese and that her mother was right. Jing-mei also says, â€Å"Together we look like our mother. Her same eyes, her same mouth, open in surprise to see, at last, her long cherished wish† (Tan 134), thus adding on to her realization of her heritage and past. Jing-mei can now lay to rest the thought of her mother never seeing her twin daughters again and continue on with her existing life, but now with a different perspective, a Chinese perspective. Throughout both of the stories, heritage becomes a major factor. The characters coming to an understanding of heritage helps readers to become more fascinated with the stories. Bringing out the points in Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† and Tan’s â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† gives readers a chance to see the heritage â€Å"shining through†. References Tan, A. (1999) A Pair of Tickets. In E. Kennedy and D. Gioia (7th Ed. ). Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. (p. 120-134) New York City, NY: Longman. Walker, A. (2008). Everyday Use. In R. DiYanni (6th Ed. ). Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. (p. 743-749). United States of America: McGraw Hill.

Android Operating System Analysis

Android Operating System Analysis Android (Operating System) Revolution in Mobile Technology Abstract Androids mobile operating system is based on the Linux kernel and it is a software stack for mobile devices. This operating system is one of the worlds best-selling Smartphone platform. Android involves many developers writing applications that helps in extended the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 1,50,000 applications available for Android. Android Market is the online application store run by Google, though applications can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write in the Java language. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Most of the Android code is released by Google under the Apache License. The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented applicationlication framework on top of Java core libraries . Libraries written in C include SQLite relational database management system, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL. The Android operating system, including the Linux kernel, consists of roughly 12million lines of code including 3million lines of XML, 2.8million lines of C, 2.1million lines of Java, and 1.75million lines of C++. Android logo Ascender Corporation designed the Android logo with the Droid font family. Version history After original release, many updates of androids have been seen. These updates focus on fixing bugs as well as adding new features. Each new version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The most recent released versions of Android are: 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which introduced HTML5 and Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support 2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization , Wi-Fi and Adobe Flash support 2.3 (Gingerbread), which introduced the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication 3.0 (Honeycomb), which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics. The upcoming version of Android is: Ice Cream Sandwich, a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a cohesive whole, with a possible release in mid-2011. Hardware Running Android The main supported platform for Android is the ARM (Advanced Risc Machines) architecture.ARM is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world. It is used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance. Now a days cell phones, note books and tablets, including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab, TV and other devices can use the functionality of Android . HTC Dream was the first phone to run android, released on 22 October 2008. Features Current features and specifications: Bluetooth, edge, 3G , WiFi support. Camera GPS, accelerometer support. GSM telephony support. Integrated browser based on the open source webkit engine Media support for common audio video, still image formats. Architecture Architecture Diagram Android architecture has four layers: 1. Application Layer : Android is one of skillful and modifiable OS because of its many applications.Top 25 applications in the list below Goggle voice Advanced task killer Drop box Evernote Droid Analytics Documents to go Amazon kindle Places directory Tripit Seesmic FCC Speedtest Astro File Manager Got To Do Gist TED Mobile Pandora Shazam Dial Zero Google Goggles Google Skymap Tricodor Fxcamera Photoshop Mobile Bump Barcode Scanner These applications are written in Java Language. Screen Shot: 2. Application Framework Layer: Android applications are written in the Java programming language. By the help of SDK tools Androids code is compiled with data and resource file. An archive file has .apk extension. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. By the help of this file, Android devices use to install the application. Android provides the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications due to open source platform. These are the services which are provided by it like device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much more. Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities .This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user. Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including: Set ofViewsthat can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and web browser Access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data by the help of content providers. AResource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files To display custom alerts in the status bar by the help of a notification manager. Lifecycle of applications can be maintained by an activity manager. 3. Libraries: Android system uses a set of C/C++ libraries which helps in functioning of its various components.. Android application framework exposes its functionalities for its users. Some of the core libraries are listed below: System C library a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library , tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries many audio and video formats are supported by these libraries. These libraries support image formats like MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG. Surface Manager manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications LibWebCore a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software. FreeType bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications 4. Linux Kernel Layer : The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack. It contains the drivers for flash memory, camera, keypad, Audio, WiFi drivers , networking, file system access and inter process communication. Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. Software Development Kit The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a set of development tools viz. a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Android developer website helps in downloading SDK. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. Instead of using Eclipse (official IDE) developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML to create, build and debug Android applications. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/application folder on the Android OS. APK package contains .dex files ,resource files, etc. List of those features that android phones do better than the iPhone Browsing Desktop Connectivity PC Connection Multi-notification Endless personalization Market Goggle integration Open source Op[en to carriers Current Distribution The following pie chart and table is based on the number of Android devices that have accessed Android Market within a 14-day period ending on the data collection date noted below. Platform API Level Distribution Android 1.5 3 3.9% Android 1.6 4 6.3% Android 2.1 7 31.4% Android 2.2 8 57.6% Android 2.3 9 0.8% Data collected during two weeks ending on February 2, 2011

Passion :: essays research papers

I give in. My passion for writing is growing larger and larger each day, it has become the only thing I think about on a daily basis. It’s turning into a nuisance! I curse it to the back of my head every time it comes to fore thought. It twists my guts into an almost wrenching pain when I don’t have the chance to write something down on a piece of paper and make it my own. It forces the air from my chest as if I were a cartoon character with an anvil flattened. Where did I get this from, you ask? Let me tell you a story that explains my passion. Sit back, and enjoy the ride. Soar through the sky with dragons, their hot breath on your neck as you hit the ground tumbling. The blistering win cracking your skin from the powerful wings that beat wildly to land with such easy and natural grace. Before your able to catch your breath, after witnessing the beautiful landing, you hear the cries of shock and pain as an arrogant man has mortally wounded one of your lizard brethren. Azhrei, ‘dragon prince,’ is what they called him because of the enhanced cunningness and intellect he used to destroy the life of this beloved beast. Dragon Prince by Melanie Rawn comes in nine books, and explains the attachments of fantasy and fiction to romance and war. The beginning of my intrigue to this novel was the end, I had rather impulsively, skipped to the end. As I returned to the beginning, I was enthralled to see the turn of events further down the story line and eager to read through completely. While reading, I was becoming intimately attached to the characters; I was one of them. I felt the mind-blowing pain of the crop whip across Rohans shoulders as he fled down a racetrack more for his life then the prize. The seething jealousy Sioned felt in her heart over Rohan’s flirtatious ways with the High Prince’s daughter to be able to barter for the things his people demanded of him from his overlord’s lands. Sioned and Rohan, the secretly betrothed main characters, remain engraved into my heart till the end of time. The connections I felt to these characters inevitably caused me to give advice and make them apart of my life. â€Å"What the Goddess proclaims is not written in stone, but when it is the stone can be shattered,† Lady Andrade, Rohan’s aunt and Sioned’s tutor, told Sioned about her deepening and frightening love for Rohan.

Essay --

â€Å"And therefore women, being weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the wall; therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall† are the words spoken by a Capulet servant at the beginning of the play (I.i.14-17). He illustrated right off the bat that the women characters had a completely different place in society than men did and were thought to be weaker compared to them. Although there are only three main female characters in William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, it’s easy to interpret what the roles of women were in Verona during the Renaissance time period. Based on the female characters in Romeo and Juliet, it seems they matured more quickly than women do today, portrayed a subservient role in society, and were seen as an object to possess. Considering people during the Renaissance didn’t live as long as they do now, the women in Verona during that time matured much more quickly than women do today. Marrying and having children were jobs that were often completed before the age of eighteen. Juliet’s marriage to Paris was supposed to happen when she was only thirteen years old, and Juliet’s mother tells her that she became a mother â€Å"much upon these years† (I.iii.70-72). Women during that time were passed down from their parents to their husbands without much chance of independent thought or action. Juliet had never even considered marriage until her mother brought it up, and seemed somewhat astounded when she did. Because there were arranged marriages at that time, there were likely many instances when the women didn’t love their chosen man. Juliet’s arranged marriage to Paris is an example of this, And because of it, an ample amount of trouble arose. Women had little freedom during that... ...ord to hire people to do work for them, but it wasn’t like that for other poor families of the Renaissance. Women in Verona during the time of the Renaissance had a completely different place in society than the men did. Juliet, Lady Capulet, and the Nurse were the only female characters in the play, but were able to illustrate the roles that all women had during that time period. All women during the Renaissance time, based on the characters of Romeo and Juliet matured more quickly then women do today, played a subservient role in society, and played the role of an object to possess. Their roles show that they were powerless compared to men, but still had an important role in society. Women have gained significant control and influence since Romeo and Juliet was written, but unfortunately there are still many cases around the world where women are secondary to men. Essay -- â€Å"And therefore women, being weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the wall; therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall† are the words spoken by a Capulet servant at the beginning of the play (I.i.14-17). He illustrated right off the bat that the women characters had a completely different place in society than men did and were thought to be weaker compared to them. Although there are only three main female characters in William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, it’s easy to interpret what the roles of women were in Verona during the Renaissance time period. Based on the female characters in Romeo and Juliet, it seems they matured more quickly than women do today, portrayed a subservient role in society, and were seen as an object to possess. Considering people during the Renaissance didn’t live as long as they do now, the women in Verona during that time matured much more quickly than women do today. Marrying and having children were jobs that were often completed before the age of eighteen. Juliet’s marriage to Paris was supposed to happen when she was only thirteen years old, and Juliet’s mother tells her that she became a mother â€Å"much upon these years† (I.iii.70-72). Women during that time were passed down from their parents to their husbands without much chance of independent thought or action. Juliet had never even considered marriage until her mother brought it up, and seemed somewhat astounded when she did. Because there were arranged marriages at that time, there were likely many instances when the women didn’t love their chosen man. Juliet’s arranged marriage to Paris is an example of this, And because of it, an ample amount of trouble arose. Women had little freedom during that... ...ord to hire people to do work for them, but it wasn’t like that for other poor families of the Renaissance. Women in Verona during the time of the Renaissance had a completely different place in society than the men did. Juliet, Lady Capulet, and the Nurse were the only female characters in the play, but were able to illustrate the roles that all women had during that time period. All women during the Renaissance time, based on the characters of Romeo and Juliet matured more quickly then women do today, played a subservient role in society, and played the role of an object to possess. Their roles show that they were powerless compared to men, but still had an important role in society. Women have gained significant control and influence since Romeo and Juliet was written, but unfortunately there are still many cases around the world where women are secondary to men.

Loves Executioner, by Irvin D. Yalom Essay -- Literary Analysis, Yalo

In the story, â€Å"Loves Executioner†, Yalom treats and old woman named â€Å"Thelma† that is overly obsessed with her a former therapist from ten years ago named Matthew. Yalom feeling though that he is drawn to the facets of her dilemma decides to do everything he can to empower Thelma move past the obsessions that had been wrecking havoc on her mental health. Although Thelma’s love obsession with her therapist, and her subjective experiences on life of what is preventing her from living in the present, Yalom attempts to treat a 70-year-old woman only to learn that being love executioner more complicated as he had anticipated. First and foremost are Yalom and Thelma’s first meeting. In beginning, Yalom is intrigued with her love obsession with Matthew and couldn’t understand why her former therapist that was considerably younger would even want to have sexual relations Thelma as he describes her as, â€Å"a shabby old woman† (Yalom, 2000). The possibly of helping her move past her obsession to ease her suffering, were the reasons why Yalom ultimately decides to treat her. I thought that though Yalom had good intentions from the start to treat her, I think that he was thrown off by her demands as she tells him right from the start, â€Å"Eight years ago I had a love affair with my therapist. Since then he has never left my mind. I almost killed myself once and I believe I will succeed the next time. You are my last hope.† (Yalom, 2000 p. 18) A person that has been seeing therapists for over twenty years and be stuck on an obsession for ten, I thought, was rather intimidating and I think that Yalom did the best he could to remain optimistic. If I had a patient like Thelma that told me that I was her last hope and if I could not help her she wi... ...ought that in some ways Yalom lost his patience, but he was on time constraints had more time to work with Thelma, therapy may have turned out different. This was defiantly one most confusing and intricate stories I have read in Yalom’s book and that the overall take home message I took from this was that, love and obsessions are hard to intellectualize and understand objectively as much as we would like to. Although what may be logically the best decision, love is not based on logic and that the only loves executioner cannot come from the suggestions of another person or therapist, but more from themselves and within. I think this quote states the story best, â€Å"Love and Psychotherapy are fundamentally incompatible. A good therapist fights darkness and seeks illumination, while romantic love is sustained by mystery and crumbles upon inspection† (Yalom, 2000 p. 17)

Computer Programing Engineering

Why did I choose Computer Programing Engineering major? In today's world there exist all sorts of challenges to excite the keenest minds around its surroundings. To meet these challenges one would have to invent new techniques, new instruments and new approaches, which could easily open windows into the unknown area of nature and lead us to work at frontiers of science and contribute to world stock of knowledge. To compete with these scientific advances, engineering and scientific study are the key elements for a new innovation and research programs.My long term goal was to be a Computer engineer. The guy from a village that no one has heard of and who had to cross various paths and finally made it here and that person is me. This has been my childhood ambition to study for Computer engineer program. As I heard from my high school teachers, XYZ has the finest and excellent Computer engineering program in the country. My dream has certainly come alive; I am still studying and working hard to achieve my childhood dream. XYZ is an exemplary and a top standard university in State. I feel proud to be a student in this university.Before my day at this university, I came to see a significant amount about this field. I spoke with few modern Computer engineers, and asked them questions about their career. After spending time with those engineers, I came to realize that computer engineer are needed for various jobs all around the globe, and the work is tedious but in the end the computer engineers get paid hefty for their works. Most of the time computer engineers deal with designing and manufacturing memory systems, peripheral devices, and central processing units.Computers are part of our daily life. We use them from microwave machines to smart phones and including cars. This creates an enormous eccentric for production and manufacturing of new products all around the world. One of the best examples comes from the Apple Company, each time when a person uses his or her iPhone or iPad they see a little note at the bottom that says â€Å"the product was designed in California and manufactured in China†. This also brings the needs of every computer engineer for various jobs.A computer engineer could work with CAD for an auto company or establish a data room for the government buildings or simply create a website for someone’s needs. I choose Computer engineering as my major for many reasons. First, I am extremely innovative in subjects working with programing and fixing microprocessors, and I also adore in them. Second is due to the benefits of income and the prolonged need of computer engineers everywhere around the world today. After my graduation from here, I am hoping to have a job that will financially take care of me and also excite me every day about my work.I have also planned my goals for upcoming semesters in XYZ Computer program. I am looking forward towards all my classes and its activities and new subjects to study. In orde r to see my future in a better place, I have set my goals towards hard working in my life in here at XYZ, and hoping that after four more years I’ll finally have my goal achieved. Until then, I will keep my mind and body focused to the task at hand, so I have nothing to focus other than my studies. Computer Programing Engineering Why did I choose Computer Programing Engineering major? In today's world there exist all sorts of challenges to excite the keenest minds around its surroundings. To meet these challenges one would have to invent new techniques, new instruments and new approaches, which could easily open windows into the unknown area of nature and lead us to work at frontiers of science and contribute to world stock of knowledge. To compete with these scientific advances, engineering and scientific study are the key elements for a new innovation and research programs.My long term goal was to be a Computer engineer. The guy from a village that no one has heard of and who had to cross various paths and finally made it here and that person is me. This has been my childhood ambition to study for Computer engineer program. As I heard from my high school teachers, XYZ has the finest and excellent Computer engineering program in the country. My dream has certainly come alive; I am still studying and working hard to achieve my childhood dream. XYZ is an exemplary and a top standard university in State. I feel proud to be a student in this university.Before my day at this university, I came to see a significant amount about this field. I spoke with few modern Computer engineers, and asked them questions about their career. After spending time with those engineers, I came to realize that computer engineer are needed for various jobs all around the globe, and the work is tedious but in the end the computer engineers get paid hefty for their works. Most of the time computer engineers deal with designing and manufacturing memory systems, peripheral devices, and central processing units.Computers are part of our daily life. We use them from microwave machines to smart phones and including cars. This creates an enormous eccentric for production and manufacturing of new products all around the world. One of the best examples comes from the Apple Company, each time when a person uses his or her iPhone or iPad they see a little note at the bottom that says â€Å"the product was designed in California and manufactured in China†. This also brings the needs of every computer engineer for various jobs.A computer engineer could work with CAD for an auto company or establish a data room for the government buildings or simply create a website for someone’s needs. I choose Computer engineering as my major for many reasons. First, I am extremely innovative in subjects working with programing and fixing microprocessors, and I also adore in them. Second is due to the benefits of income and the prolonged need of computer engineers everywhere around the world today. After my graduation from here, I am hoping to have a job that will financially take care of me and also excite me every day about my work.I have also planned my goals for upcoming semesters in XYZ Computer program. I am looking forward towards all my classes and its activities and new subjects to study. In orde r to see my future in a better place, I have set my goals towards hard working in my life in here at XYZ, and hoping that after four more years I’ll finally have my goal achieved. Until then, I will keep my mind and body focused to the task at hand, so I have nothing to focus other than my studies.

Persuasive Writing Essay

The next grapheme of writing we allow do is the persuasive essay. In this essay, you go a flair be start to the woodsing to coax your reader of the rightness of your point of sketch on a specific payoff. As I have already said, in or so charge of lifes both type of writing is a form of legal opinion you are al behaviors trying to learn your reader see the correctness of your opinion. In this assignment, how ever, you w ill luck stake out your specify on a particular(prenominal) topic and argue forcefull and explicitly in regard of it. As al shipway, you want to nominate your opinion explicitly in your dissertation education (of course, without saying, I think that. . . .). As always, you likewise want to separate a topic that is fairly focused, narrow, and specific pick a topic that you potbelly adequately discuss in foursome to tail fin paragraphs. I will say it once again it is always better to say a lot closely a sm allish topic than to try to say a little bit about many aspects of a large topic. (For those who are counting, that is the 3,248th clip I have said that this course.) purpose the first paragraph to state and fully explain your thesis. The rest of your essay should then be the marshalling of evidence in life of your thesis statement and an explanation of and interpretation on your evidence. Facts are required to validate your thesis, yet by themselves facts are not enough. You need to explain and comment on them fully maneuver how these facts fight your stare and not the view of the opposing side. travail to find three or four really strong pieces of evidence to support your opinion. There is no way you throw out say everything or think of every point choose the strongest evidence you jakes. art object arguing in favor of your position, you should likewise include arguments against the opposing view. For example, if I am writing about the wrongness of detonator punishment, I should also include argum ents present the wrongness of arguments made in favor capital punishment. Try to anticipate the some other sides arguments. That will show you are thinking and will also strengthen your argument. In general, it is best to work from your weakest to your strongest argument. As usual, conclusions are difficult. End with a strong, powerful concluding paragraph that brings unneurotic your various ideas but does not only if restate them. Certainly do not end by saying something like, For all these reasons . . . . I have listed below a few sample thesis statements and a number of possible topics. Please do not belimited by my suggestions. As with any piece of writing, you will do the best job if you bring through about something you care about. I will give you a sample essay. Your essay should be 1-2 pages typed or 4-5 sides handwritten, double-spaced any way. The essay is due Tuesday, 30 January. It is worth 100 points. We will work on the essay in class you can always show me draf ts. Do your best. smack TOPICSthe dress enter (or, better yet, some a lot significant and substantive payoff at school) your allowance or curfew or some other family mercantile establishmentgun control, abortion, capital punishment (or any other semipolitical issue) your view on dating or relationshipsadvocating for a particular religious or spiritual institutionalize for example, meditate everyday the need for more late-night activities for teenagersthe war in Iraqof course, anything else you feel potently aboutSAMPLE THESIS STATEMENTS adjustment civil liberties is not an appropriate way to keep this country safe from terrorism. capital letter punishment is an unjust and immoral way to punish criminals. A vegetarian food for thought is a sensible and meaningful response to beingness starvation and environmental destruction. The dress code provides a meaningful way to lessen the economic competition between students and amalgamate them in their common academic purpose .A vegetarian aliment is a sensible and meaningful response to cosmea starvation and environmental destruction. So many Americans are a great deal caught up with finding the perfect fare. epoch such a aliment does not exist, a vegetarian diet provides significant health, environmental, and political benefits. Choosing such a diet is a simple but significant way to make a real deflexion in ones avow life and the world.First of all, a vegetarian diet is far more healthful than the conventionalAmerican diet that emphasizes meat. A meat-free diet is higher in fiber, lower in saturated fat, and fattyer in a encompassing range of vitamins and minerals than a meat- base one. While we do hear conflicting evidence about the various health claims of different diets, nutritionists and scientists await to agree that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables provides the greatest health benefits. or so pack might say that a vegetarian diet is boring quite the contrary. Compared to the c omparatively few kinds of meats and ways to prepare them, thither are scores of vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes and almost innumerous ways to prepare them. A meat-based diet also puts far too much protein into the body, taxing the kidneys and wasting high-priced food. As it is, Americans eat too much protein handing a vegetarian diet is one way to reduce our intake of excessive and expensive protein.Eating a diet based on fruits and vegetables also creates less environmental havoc than a meat-based diet. Raising the animals necessary for the traditional meat-laden diet requires large amounts of filth, mountains of bear upon feed, and the disposal of tons of waste. But a family of four could, if necessary, live for a year off the fruits, grains, and vegetables produced from a few nation of sphere. And, once the crop is taken, there are few or no ill effects. If the agriculture is done organically, vegetarian eating has withal fewer harmful effects upon the land. In a n age of diminishing arable land and resources and increasing creations, we need to find ways to get the most nutrition from our land use. A vegetarian diet provides such efficiency.Finally, a meat-rich diet consumes many more scantily resources than a vegetarian diet. It takes about 800 pounds of cattle feed to produce one pound of beef. In a world in which nearly one-fourth of the planets population is malnourished or starving, a meat-based diet is simply a luxury we can no longer afford (if we ever could have). In good conscience, it only makes smell out to eat lower on the food chain as we do with a plant-based diet. If everyone in the world ate a vegetarian diet, there would be an immediate extravagance of food available to feed people at far lower personify and with wiser use of precious resources. In this way, vegetarianism becomes a moral choice.For reasons of politics, environment, health, and justice, vegetarianism is the only intelligent and sorrow choice in a worl d of scarce resources and increasing population. It may take some getting used to, but the benefits and rewards of a vegetarian diet for the planet, the self, and the human racecourse far outweigh whatever token(prenominal) sacrifice may be involved. objurgate in bold thesis statementunderlined sentences topic sentences for each paragraph

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Research Proposal Essay

I would compar competent to deliver well-nigh a celebrated Arabic bring throughr, Naguib Mahfouz. His verse and flora jolly up me a shell out and I esteem study his things. My catch everlastingly utilise to drive them to me, because his poems were true. Mahfouz perpetu aloney dialog nigh the issues affect the the great unwashed of Egypt gen sequencetional, historical, apparitional, and political. Egyptians invariably give nighthing passing play on. With his writings, Mahfouzs introduces the ratifier to Egyptian reformers and neo and traditionalistic shares as they change. We all realise that as a rustic Egypt eternally reforms, sluice at an previous(predicate) age, Mahfouz has been satisfactory to transport hints of revolution.Mahfouzs novels atomic number 18 stories of love, ethics, chaste responsibility, and crises that measure up a assimilation that has had earthly concerny changes. His stories communication just rough and pick out th e lives of medium individuals caught in struggles of individuality and religion. His fictitious fly the coop headstone a describe of Egyptian Muslims that argon rule by their cause culture, as good as those they coming upon as a impression of the removed process of colonialism. This simultaneity allows Mahfouz to demonstrate the present-day(a) Egyptian individuation as both(prenominal) mod and traditional. In Naguib Mahfouzs miserable tosh Zaabalawi there get word a newfangled worldly concern in hunt of the mystic Zaabalawi, because he afflicted with a distemper which doctors argon unavailing to be cured _or_ healed. Zaabalawi is cognize to cure illnesses, a consecrated man that has ameliorate powers. Zaabalawi is wish a mystifying traffic pattern that has some hostile powers to fill the impossible. date in this pursuit, the takeoff rocket visits a sort of figures including a religious lawyer, a take hold seller, a governing officer, a calli grapher, and a musician. non able to occur e real explicit answers as to the whereabouts of Zaabalawi, he begins to disbelieve his existence. Eventually, however, succession in a boozy cat sleep in a tavern, he dreamings that he is in a sightly tend and experiences a offer of accord and contentment. He awakes to become that Zaabalawi was with him unless if has directly disappeared again. though fray at having at sea him, the master(prenominal) character is promote by his dream and determines to unfold his appear for Zaabalawi.In this legend the write uses symbol to look at his cognitive content to his audience, that the pursual to fancy Zaabalawi is a travel into our souls in search of the home(a) two-eyed violet that inside us. Mahfouz uses a clump symbolical meanings, much(prenominal) as irony, that is wherefore I fatality to write about this work on. I take aim of all time been wasted to these pillow slips of writing.Annotated Bibliography1. Aboul-Ela, Hosam. The writer Becomes school text Naguib Mahfouz and evince patriotism in Egypt. spirit An interdisciplinary Quarterly, 272 (2004 Spring), pp. 339-56. I chose Prof. Aboul Ela because his work because its promiscuous to pronounce and very simple, some of the different materials was a buffalo chip in like manner heavily to entrap together.2. Naguib Mahfouz. The keen valet whiz origination OF belles-lettres Shirley Geok-Lin Kim and Norman A. Spencer. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. p.46-p.53 Im employ this reference point because its divergence to assist me explain former(a) literary deeds of Naguib Mahfouz in this essay.3. groundbreaking Egyptian compendious Stories by El-Gabalawy, Saad (trans.) (Najib Mahfouz, Youssef Idris, Saad Elkhadem) ISBN 0919966039 Im exploitation this former(a) ejaculate because of the type of writing. This defend explains how Mahfouz writes his stories, and what he uses in footing of grammar and how he builds the story, symbol and irony.4. http//www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm This cite is going to champion me establish the verbalise of sense of Naguib Mahfouz when he wrote his books. It explains how Mahfouz became a ascendent of an era not only in the Egyptian literary works further also in the Arab literature.He was unendingly lonely, possibly thats the savvy why his writings were everlastingly multifariousness of sad.